Для достижения этих целей необходимо знать, как произносятся английские звуки, а также слова, в которых они используются.
Listening for Vowels (AmE)
[i:] as in SEE
be – tea – read – feel – keep – compete;
[i] as in HIT
pick – big – give – miss – English – city;
[e] as in RED
get – beg – well – head – left – test;
[æ] as in CAT
bad – pack – tag – land – happy – match;
[a:] as in CAR
far – hard – sharp – large – calm – father;
[o:] as in MORE
form – short – law – pause – call – war;
[o] as in NOT
hot – lock – rob – stop – possible – dollar;
[u:] as in RULE
true – flew – move – food – choose – group;
[yu:] as in USE
unit – huge – cute – music – few – beautiful;
[u] as in BOOK
look – good – put – full – sugar – could;
[ər] as in SIR
first – bird – hurt – search – work – better;
[ə] as in BUT
fun – luck – son – away – useful – famous;
[ei] as in RAY
may – take – name – save – wait – pain;
[ai] as in RIDE
my – life – find – time – advise – deny;
[au] as in HOW
now – down – shout – proud – mouth – count;
[oi] as in BOY
toy – noise – point – boil – avoid – employ;
[ou] as in NO
show – home – road – told – open – hero;
Before final R:
dear – fear – near – beer – here; hair – fair – pair – care – bear; poor – tour – sure – cure; fire – hire – desire – require; hour – sour – flower – power.
Listening for Vowel Contrast (AmE)
[i:] – [i] as in DEEP – DIP
peel – pill, leave – live, beat – bit, seek – sick;
[i] – [e] as in PIN – PEN
fill – fell, did – dead, miss – mess;
[e] – [ei] as in LET – LATE
pen – pain, sell – sail, fed – fade;
[e] – [æ] as in BED – BAD
men – man, leg – lag, peck – pack, set – sat;
[æ] – [a:] as in PACK – PARK
bad – bard, hat – heart;
[æ] – [ə] as in FAN – FUN
lack – luck, damp – dump;
[a:] – [ə] as in DARK – DUCK
calm – come, march – much, father – mother;
[a:] – [o:] as in CARD – CORD
star – store, farm – form;
[o:] – [o] as in PORT – POT
born – bond, order – odd;
[o:] – [ər] as in BORN – BURN
course – curse, ward – word, walk – work;
[o] – [ə] as in NOT – NUT
rob – rub, body – buddy, cop – cup;
[ə] – [ər] as in BUD – BIRD
ton – turn, such – search, sofa – suffer;
[u:] – [yu:] as in FOOD – FEUD
cool – cute, ooze – use;
[u:] – [u] as in TOOL – TOOK
fool – full, shoot – should, boom – book;
[u] – [o] as in COOK – COCK
put – pot, good – god;
[a:] – [ai] as in HARD – HIDE
charm – chime, spark – spike;
[a:] – [au] as in ART – OUT
darn – down, lard – loud;
[o:] – [ou] as in SAW – SO
bought – boat, pause – pose.
Listening for Consonants (AmE)
[p] as in PEN
pan – part – piece – pay – press – tip;
[b] as in BE
baby – best – bought – burn – but – rob;
[t] as in TEN
tap – town – turn – try – pity – little;
[d] as in DO
deep – dark – dull – day – drop – bad;
[k] as in KATE
kick – cause – cool – cut – kind – talk;
[g] as in GO
get – garden – game – girl – grow – rug;
[f] as in FEEL
fit – fast – phone – fly – free – laugh;
[v] as in VERY
vivid – vote – even – every – active – five;
[θ] as in THIN
thank – thought – third – throw – author – fifth;
[ð] as in THIS
that – then – those – mother – bathe – breathe;
[s] as in SO
see – saw – send – sad – some – say – kiss;
[z] as in ZOO
zero – zipper – zone – busy – rise – lose;
[sh] as in SHOW
shoot – shut – shine – nation – special – push;
[zh] as in BEIGE
usually – visual – vision – measure;
[h] as in HE
help – hand – hurt – hate – hide – how;
[ch] as in CHEESE
check – chance – child – church – rich – watch;
[j] as in JUST
join – joke – gym – large – bridge – manage;
[m] as in ME
more – move – much – make – memory – come;
[n] as in NO
need – never – normal – not – new – win;
[ŋ] as in SING
singer – singing – hang – bring – long;
[l] as in LIVE
let – learn – love – loud – close – will;
[r] as in RED
real – rat – run – drink – car – rare;
[w] as in WE
wet – word – way – swim – twice – quick;
[y] as in YES
year – yard – young – use – fuel – million.
Listening for Consonant Contrast (AmE)
[p] – [b] as in PET – BET
pack – back, rope – robe, rip – rib, tap – tab;
[t] – [d] as in TIP – DIP
feet – feed, write – ride, hurt – heard, stopped – robbed;
[k] – [g] as in COAT – GOAT
pack – bag, pick – pig, lock – log;
[f] – [v] as in FAN – VAN
safe – save, leaf – leave, knife – knives;
[v] – [w] as in VINE – WINE
Vin – win, vet – wet, very – well, vow – wow;
[sh] – [zh] as in MISSION – VISION
special – usual, pressure – pleasure;
[ch] – [j] as in RICH – RIDGE
cheap – jeep, batch – badge, match – message;
[s] – [z] as in SIP – ZIP
sign – design, race – raise, advice – advise, lacks – lags;
[θ] – [ð] as in THANK – THAN
bath – bathe, breath – breathe, north – northern;
[s] – [θ] as in SINK – THINK
sing – thing, seem – theme, mass – math;
[z] – [ð] as in ZONE – THOUGH
prism – rhythm, close – clothe, breeze – breathe;
[f] – [θ] as in FREE – THREE
first – thirst, fought – thought, roof – Ruth;
[n] – [ŋ] as in SIN – SING
ton – tongue, pan – pang, ban – bank;
[ŋ] – [ŋ]+[g] as in SING – SINGLE
long – longer, hung – hungry, singer – finger.
Listening for Word Stress (AmE)
TYPICAL PATTERNS of STRESS
One-syllable words
cat, lake, road, pain, owl, chair; fall, burn, touch, choose, write, hear; new, large, bright, short, loud, sick.
Two-syllable words
Nouns:
a) TEACHer, LESson, OFfice, CITy, PRESent; b) caREER, poLICE, hoTEL.
Adjectives:
a) LOCal, NATive, CAREless; b) abSURD, comPLETE.
Verbs:
a) conFIRM, deNY, exPLAIN, forGET, preSENT; b) CANcel, BORrow, PUNish.
Three-syllable words
Nouns:
a) CONfidence, GOVernment, POLitics; b) apPROVal, conSUMer, eMOtion.
Adjectives:
a) GENeral, WONderful, CURious; b) athLETic, inSTINCtive.
Verbs:
a) ‘ORga’nize, ‘SIGni’fy, ‘COMpen’sate; b) conSIDer, reMEMber; c) ‘under’STAND, ‘contra’DICT.
Four or more syllables
Nouns:
a) ACcuracy, DELicacy; b) moBILity, inTOLerance; c) ‘eco’NOMics, ‘infor’MAtion; d) con’side’RAtion, in’vesti’GAtion.
Adjectives:
a) sigNIFicant, unREAsonable; b) ‘aca’DEMic, ‘inter’NAtional.
Verbs:
a’POLo’gize, in’TENsi’fy, ac’CUmu’late.
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